U3 笔记整理 · 10-12(Grammar:副词比较级/最高级 + 反身代词)
来源:10/12 课堂笔记(U3 Grammar 板块,笔记编号 1-15 + ⑨①-⑭,含 2 张图片)
锚定日 D0 = 10/12:D1 = 10/13、D2 = 10/14、D4 = 10/16、D7 = 10/19、D15 = 10/27、D30 = 11/11
本课定位:全册第一次系统讲"副词的比较级/最高级 + 反身代词",江苏中考每年必考——单选考修饰语、句型转换考同义句、短文填空考反身代词。这节课吃透,U6(句子结构)、U7(as…as)都建立在它上面。
对照:与预测预习预测笔记/预测_02_U3_Grammar.md完全命中,预测仅作对照,以本篇真实笔记为准。
一、笔记原文逐条对照(26 条)
| 笔记# | 中文 | 英文原文 | 红笔标注 / 考点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 页 | page | — |
| 2 | 在三个人中,Millie 读得最快 | Millie reads the fastest among the three (students). | 补 students;= Millie reads faster than the other two students |
| 3 | well / good 的比较级、最高级 | well / good — better — best | 不规则 ① |
| 4 | badly / bad / ill 的比较级、最高级 | badly / bad / ill — worse — worst | 不规则 ② |
| 5 | far 的比较级、最高级 | far — farther/further — farthest/furthest | 不规则 ③(各两种,含义有分工,见 §3.3) |
| 6 | 她学得比我班上其他学生(都)快 | She learns faster than any other student in my class. | = the other students |
| 7 | 他思考比我任何其他同学都积极 | He thinks more actively than any of my other classmates. | = all my other classmates;= He thinks the most actively in my class. |
| 8 | 反身代词表 | myself — ourselves · yourself — yourselves · himself / herself / itself — themselves | 单数 -self,复数 -selves |
| 9① | 玩得开心 | enjoy oneself | = have a good time / have fun |
| 9② | 自学某事 | teach oneself sth = learn sth by oneself | 双考点:反身代词 + by oneself |
| 9③ | 为自己、亲自 | for oneself | — |
| 9④ | 自言自语 | say / talk to oneself | — |
| 9⑤ | 沉迷于 | lose oneself in … | 后接名词/doing |
| 9⑥ | 随便吃、随便用…… | help oneself to … | 待客场景高频 |
| 9⑦ | 伤到自己 | hurt oneself | — |
| 9⑧ | 别客气,像在自己家一样自在 | make oneself at home | = help yourself |
| 9⑨ | 照顾自己 | look after oneself | = take care of oneself |
| 9⑩ | 自己穿衣 | dress oneself | dress sb / get dressed |
| 9⑪ | 向……自我介绍 | introduce oneself to … | — |
| 9⑫ | 表达自己 | express oneself | — |
| 9⑬ | 把某事埋在心里 | keep sth to oneself | "不告诉别人" |
| 9⑭ | (不)正常、(不)舒适 | be (not) oneself | — |
| 10 | 这本书本身有趣 | The book itself is interesting. | itself 红笔:作同位语强调"本身" |
| 10 | 孩子们自己打扫教室 | The children themselves cleaned the classroom. | themselves 红笔:同位语位置 |
| 11 | 录制、记录 v. & n. | record | 搭配 keep a record of… |
| 12 | 为她自己做一些简单的菜肴 | cook some simple dishes for herself | — |
| 13 | 画关于我自己和我父母的画 | draw pictures of myself and my parents | 介词后也要用反身代词 |
| 14 | 为他们自己泡杯茶 | make themselves a cup of tea | 双宾语 make sb sth |
| 15 | 为我们制定目标 | set goals for ourselves | 写作高频(新学期目标类话题直接可用) |
二、高频词精讲
| 单词 | 词性 | 中文 | 常考搭配 | 最佳例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| page | n. | 页 | turn to page 12 翻到第 12 页;a five-page report(有连字符用单数) | Please turn to page 25 and read the text.(请翻到 25 页读课文。) |
| record | n. & v. | 记录 / 录制(重音:名词 ˈrecord,动词 reˈcord) | keep a record of… 对……做记录;break / set a record 破 / 创纪录 | She keeps a record of every new word in her notebook.(她把每个生词都记在笔记本上。) |
| itself | pron. | 它自己 | 作同位语:名词 + itself | The book itself is interesting, not just the pictures.(这本书本身就有趣,不只是插图。) |
| themselves | pron. | 他/她们自己 | 复数只有 -selves 一种写法 | The children themselves cleaned the classroom.(孩子们自己打扫了教室。) |
三、考点深挖 ① · 副词比较级 / 最高级
3.1 构成三条路(本课所有词都能归进这三条)
| 路线 | 规则 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| A. 词尾直加 | 单音节、部分双音节副词:+ er / est | fast — faster — fastest · hard — harder — hardest · late — later — latest |
| A+. 辅音字母 + y | 变 y 为 i 再加 er / est | early — earlier — earliest(注意:early 不走 more 路线!) |
| B. more / most | 多数 -ly 结尾的副词:前面加 more / most | actively — more actively — most actively · quickly — more quickly — most quickly · carefully — more carefully — most carefully |
| C. 不规则(必背 5 组) | 整词变化 | well / good — better — best · badly / bad / ill — worse — worst · far — farther/further — farthest/furthest · much — more — most · little — less — least |
判断口诀:长得像副词的(-ly 结尾)用 more/most;不长的(fast/hard/early)自己变。本课笔记三组不规则就是给 -ly 路线当"反例"考的。
3.2 far 的两组比较级分工(中考单选高频)
| 词 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| farther / farthest | 只指实际距离更远 | My home is farther from school than yours.(我家比你家离学校更远。) |
| further / furthest | 距离可用,更常考程度"进一步" | I want to go abroad for further study.(我想出国深造。) |
考法:单选里看到 further study / further information(进一步的学习/信息)选 further,不选 farther。
3.3 六大句型(本课笔记句全部对号入座)
| # | 句型 | 结构 | 本课例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 最高级 + 范围 | A + v. + the + 最高级 + among the + 数字 / in + 集体 / of + 复数 | Millie reads the fastest among the three students.(笔记#2) |
| 2 | 比较级 + than | A + v. + 比较级 + than + 对比对象 | He thinks more actively than his classmates.(笔记#7) |
| 3 | 比其他任何一个都…(= 最高级含义) | 比较级 + than any other + 单数(同范围)= than the other + 复数 | She learns faster than any other student in my class.(笔记#6) |
| 4 | any of my other + 复数 | 比较级 + than any of + one's + other + 复数 | He thinks more actively than any of my other classmates.(笔记#7 红笔) |
| 5 | 越…越… | The + 比较级…, the + 比较级… | The harder you work, the better you will learn. |
| 6 | 越来越… | 比较级 and 比较级 | She reads faster and faster. / more and more carefully |
3.4 比较级前的"修饰语"(单选提分点)
比较级前面可以加 much / far / a lot / a bit / a little / even / still(加强:much/far/a lot/even;减弱:a bit/a little),但不能加 very / more:
- He did even worse than Daniel last term.(他上学期考得甚至比丹尼尔还差。)
- Now she reads much faster than before.(现在她读得比以前快多了。)
3.5 同义句转换(本课最核心考法,一组句子四种说法)
笔记#2、#6、#7 三条其实说的是同一件事——中考句型转换年年考:
| 说法 | 句子 |
|---|---|
| ① 最高级 | Millie reads the fastest among the three students. |
| ② 比较级 + the other + 复数 | = Millie reads faster than the other two students. |
| ③ 比较级 + any other + 单数 | = Millie reads faster than any other student in the group. |
| ④ 冲 A:否定 + as…as | = No one else reads as fast as Millie. |
He thinks the most actively in my class. = He thinks more actively than any of my other classmates. = No one else in my class thinks as actively as he does.
使用规则:同范围(同班/同组内比)用 any other + 单数;不同范围(跨班比)用 any + 单数(不加 other)。笔记#7 红笔 "any of my other classmates" 是第三种写法,三种都要会认。
3.6 易错点(只记正确写法)
- as…as 中间永远用原级:as fast as(as…as 之间不出现比较级);否定式 not so/as fast as。
- 比较级别自己加 more:fast → faster(说"more faster"就错了);-ly 副词才用 more:more quickly。
- hard ≠ hardly:hard 作副词 = 努力地(work hard);hardly = 几乎不,是另一个词。考试句:She works hard, so she learns fast.
- 副词最高级前的 the 要写:reads the fastest(考试按教材写全,别省)。
- 比较对象要对等:than any other student(单数)或 than the other students(复数),一种单数一种复数,混着用就错。
- early 不走 more 路线:early — earlier — earliest(y 变 i)。
四、考点深挖 ② · 反身代词
4.1 构成口诀(一张表背全 8 个)
| 人称 | 单数(-self) | 复数(-selves) |
|---|---|---|
| 第一人称 | myself | ourselves |
| 第二人称 | yourself | yourselves |
| 第三人称 | himself / herself / itself | themselves |
口诀:一二三人称单数排下来是 my—your—him—her—it + self;复数 our—your—their + selves。
两个拼写雷区:himself(him + self,不是 hisself);themselves(them + selves,不是 themself)。
4.2 三大用法 + 一条红线
| 用法 | 说明 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| ① 作宾语 | 主语和宾语是同一个人时,宾语用反身代词 | She taught herself English.(她自学英语。) / They made themselves a cup of tea.(笔记#14) |
| ② 作同位语(强调"亲自/本身") | 放在名词后或句末,两种位置都对 | The book itself is interesting. / The children themselves cleaned the classroom. = The children cleaned the classroom themselves.(笔记#10) |
| ③ 作表语 | be (not) oneself:(不)正常、(不)自在 | I'm not myself today.(我今天不太舒服/不在状态。) |
| ⚠️ 红线 | 反身代词不能单独作主语 | 想强调主语,说 The children themselves…(同位语),不说 |
4.3 15 个必背搭配(笔记 14 条 + 1 个同义转换)
| 搭配 | 中文 | 考点提示 |
|---|---|---|
| enjoy oneself | 玩得开心 | = have a good time / have fun(同义转换考) |
| teach oneself sth | 自学某事 | = learn sth by oneself(本课双考点,两半都要会) |
| by oneself | 独自、单独 | = alone = on one's own(三者同义转换,单选高频) |
| for oneself | 为自己;亲自 | You can see it for yourself.(你自己去看。) |
| say / talk to oneself | 自言自语 | — |
| lose oneself in… | 沉迷于 | He loses himself in books.(他沉迷于书。) |
| help oneself to… | 随便吃、随便用 | 待客句:Help yourself to some cake. |
| hurt oneself | 伤到自己 | Be careful with the knife, or you'll cut yourself. |
| make oneself at home | 别客气,像在自己家一样 | = Make yourself at home(对客人说用 yourself) |
| look after oneself | 照顾自己 | = take care of oneself |
| dress oneself | 自己穿衣 | — |
| introduce oneself to… | 向……自我介绍 | Please introduce yourself to the class. |
| express oneself | 表达自己 | — |
| keep sth to oneself | 把某事埋在心里(不告诉别人) | She keeps her worries to herself. |
| be (not) oneself | (不)正常、(不)自在 | — |
搭配的"人称会变"是最大考点:主语是 I → myself;we → ourselves;you(一个)→ yourself;you(多个)→ yourselves;he → himself;she → herself;they → themselves。先看主语,再定反身代词——短文填空每年就考这个。
4.4 易混辨析:themselves vs each other
| 词 | 含义 | 判断法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| themselves | 动作回到主语自己身上 | 自己对自己 | They taught themselves English.(他们自学英语。) |
| each other | 动作在双方之间互相发生 | 你对我、我对你 | They learn from each other.(他们互相学习。) |
一句话判断:动作的承受者是不是"自己"?是 → 反身代词;是"彼此" → each other。
五、教材联动(本课语法在已学课文里早就露过脸)
| 已学句子 | 出处 | 本课考点 |
|---|---|---|
| It's better to learn how to do things than to depend on others. | 9/28 Welcome | well 的比较级 better + 比较状语从句 than |
| Franklin taught himself by reading. | 9/29 Reading | teach oneself + by oneself 双考点 |
| I learn English by watching English films. | 作文素材库 | by oneself 系列的 by + doing 方式 |
为什么 Grammar 课要回头连旧课文:本课不是从零学新东西,而是把前两周"零散见过"的 better / taught himself / by oneself 系统化成规则。复习本课时把这 3 句再读 1 遍,新旧就焊在一起了。
六、必背句 8 句(分层:基础 5 + 冲 A 3)
基础(笔记原句,默写级)
- Millie reads the fastest among the three students.(在三个人中,米莉读得最快。)
- She learns faster than any other student in my class.(她学得比班上其他任何学生都快。)
- He thinks more actively than any of my other classmates.(他思考比我任何其他同学都积极。)
- The children themselves cleaned the classroom.(孩子们自己打扫了教室。)
- We should set goals for ourselves.(我们应该为自己制定目标。)
冲 A(中考式升级句,作文直接用)
- The more carefully you listen in class, the better you will learn.(课上听得越认真,学得就越好。)—— The + 比较级句型
- No one else in my class works as hard as Millie.(班里没有人像米莉一样努力。)—— 同义句转换产物
- Daniel did even worse last term, but now he does much better than before.(丹尼尔上学期考得甚至更差,但现在比以前好多了。)—— even / much 修饰比较级
七、中考考法速查(3 类题型)
| 题型 | 考什么 | 解题抓手 |
|---|---|---|
| 单项选择 | ① 修饰语 + 比较级(even / much / a little…)② as…as 用原级 ③ 反身代词按主语选词 | 看见 than → 比较级;看见 as…as → 原级;看见空格在动词后且主语宾语一致 → 反身代词(先找主语人称) |
| 句型转换 / 同义句 | the fastest among = faster than the other two = faster than any other student = No one else…as fast as | 三条等式 + by oneself = alone = on one's own |
| 短文填空 / 汉译英 | 反身代词"先看主语再定词";enjoy oneself / help oneself to / keep sth to oneself 考中文提示 | 主语是 we/they 时千万别顺手写 myself/himself |
八、抗遗忘复习锚点(U3 Grammar · D0 = 10/12)
| 节点 | 日期 | 复习重点(从本篇直接取) |
|---|---|---|
| D0 | 10/12(周一) | 首听 8 条 + 全表认读(§一 26 条) |
| D1 | 10/13(周二) | §3.1 构成三条路 + 不规则 5 组;同日 Welcome D15 全批回滚 |
| D2 | 10/14(周三) | §3.3 六大句型 + §3.5 同义句转换四说法;同日 Reading D15 全批回滚 |
| D4 | 10/16(周五) | §4.1 反身代词表 + §4.3 搭配 15 条(人称会变);§3.2 farther/further 分工 |
| D7 | 10/19(下周一) | §3.4 修饰语 + §4.4 each other 辨析 + 必背句 1-5 默写 |
| D15 | 10/27 | 长线回滚:必背句 6-8(冲 A)+ 中考考法三题型自测 |
| D30 | 11/11 | 长线回滚:全篇快速过 + 错题本 |
💡 本课是纯语法课,复习方式与词汇课不同:优先句型转换(口头)和反身代词填空(笔头),别逐条抄表。